Political science 2 question paper on civil right and civil liberties Essay

Political science 2 question paper on civil right and civil liberties - Essay Example een trampled upon by the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (a contrived acronym meaning Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism), established in the aftermath of September 11th to protect Americans from the threat of future terror on American soil. Controversial from the outset, the Patriot Act represented a serious departure from established legal norms and prior American jurisprudence with respect to civil liberty legislation (ACLU 2008). Following an analysis of the Patriot Act, this brief essay will explore the key motivations behind the U.S. Civil Rights Movement by exploring those who fought institutionalized racism and discrimination during the latter half of the twentieth century. We now turn to the most important challenge to civil rights and liberties in this country, the US Patriot Act and its effects on the right to privacy, freedom of assembly and due process in the 21st century. Created under the pretense of securing the United States against the threat of terror in the wake of 9/11, the Patriot Act of 2001 significantly strengthened the scope of powers afforded to law enforcement agencies while redefining the term terrorism to include domestic terror, i.e. homegrown terror perpetuated by American citizens. Accordingly, this Act significantly sought to redefine the rights of law enforcement vis-Ã  -vis the rights and liberties of the American public.This Act increased the powers of law enforcement agencies to gain access to previously protected forms of communication include telephone conversations, email, financial, medical, business and other private recorder. Additional powers relate to the surveillance and detention of immigrants and broad powers of detention are given to law enforcement agencies with respect to immigrants in the United States. Major criticisms of the USA Patriot act are leveled at the fact that this particular piece of legislation tra mples over civil liberties and

The future of privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The future of privacy - Essay Example Privacy is a fundamental right, and everyone is entitled to it. Understanding that technology will keep developing will help find better ways that will curb the violation of privacy. It is not possible to know the kind of technology that will be there in years to come, and that is why we need to be prepared for anything. Passwords will no longer be safe to be used for privacy measures, and this will call for new methods to be used to guarantee the users security. Many and more people are now conversant with computer networks, and it is now easy to hack into someone’s account, and gain access to their private information. There have been cases where Twitter and Facebook accounts of individuals have been hacked. The hacker controls what is posted and shared on the account. With future privacy laws, the social sites have to find better ways to avert this problem. Without this, few people will continue using the sites considering that their privacy is not guaranteed. With all the new methods of communication, everyone wants to share information with their friends and even strangers. This can be done through social sites which include, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or any other sites that may come up in the future. To control the privacy of what is shared, an individual should ensure that he or she safeguards his privacy. This means that he or she has to have a limit of what he wants to share with people on these social sites. â€Å"This state of affairs means that unless individuals can protect their own privacy they lose power† (Lanier 66). Surveillance is used by employers to ensure that there is a smooth flow in business operations. It is, however, debatable about the extent that the surveillance cameras should be placed. Cameras in a washroom, for instance, are considered as a serious violation of human rights. Surveillance footages capture employee’s moments that are otherwise considered private, and boundaries should be set

Successful brand extensions in the FMCG industry

Successful brand extensions in the FMCG industry INTRODUCTION Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category. The new product is called a spin-off. Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition: the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the renowned name). An example of a brand extension is Jello-gelatin creating Jello pudding pops. It increases awareness of the brand name and increases profitability from offerings in more than one product category. A brands extendibility depends on how strong consumers associations are to the brands values and goals. While there can be significant benefits in brand extension strategies, there can also be significant risks, resulting in a diluted or severely damaged brand image. Poor choices for brand extension may dilute and deteriorate the core brand and damage the brand equity. Most of the literature focuses on the consumer evaluation and positive impact on parent brand. In practical cases, the failures of brand extension are at higher rate than the successes. Some studies show that negative impact may dilute brand image and equity. In spite of the positive impact of brand extension, negative association and wrong communication strategy do harm to the parent brand even brand family. Organizations frequently follow brand extension strategies. This paper investigates the impact of category similarity, brand reputation, perceived risk, and consumer innovativeness on the success of brand extensions in FMCG, durable goods, and services sectors. A set of hypotheses were developed and tested in a study amongst 153 consumers. The findings show that extensions into categories more similar to the original brand tend to be more readily accepted. Likewise, the reputation of the original brand is an important factor influencing the success of the extension. These findings are consistent across FMCG, durable goods, and services brands. However, perceived risk about the extension category was only found to enhance acceptability of extensions for durable goods and services brands. Innovative consumers are more positively disposed towards service brand extensions than FMCG and durable goods brand extensions. REVIEW OF LITERATURE In his paper, Hem Leif E a set of hypotheses were developed and tested in a study amongst 701 consumers. The findings show that extensions into categories more similar to the original brand tend to be more readily accepted. Likewise, the reputation of the original brand is an important factor influencing the success of the extension. These findings are consistent across FMCG, durable goods and services brands. However, perceived risk about the extension category was only found to enhance acceptability of extensions for durable goods and services brands. Innovative consumers are more positively disposed towards service brand extensions than FMCG and durable goods brand extensions. (Factors Influencing Successful Brand Extensions By: Hem, Leif E.; de Chernatony, Leslie; Iversen, Nina M.. Journal of Marketing Management, Sep2003, Vol. 19 Issue 7/8) In his paper, Thamaraiselvan, Raja, projects the intense competitive environment where companies launch new products to satisfy constantly changing consumers preferences. The new products are prone to failures due to many factors. Companies take efforts to reduce new product failure rates to maximize their returns for their stakeholders. A brand extension, leveraging existing brand names to new product categories is one such strategy to reduce the risk of new product failures. This study primarily focuses on how consumers evaluate brand extensions for FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) and service product categories in Indian market conditions. It explores how exactly the consumers evaluate different product categories based on factors like, similarity fit, perceived quality, brand reputation and perceived risk. It brings out the impact of brand reputation of the core brand and perceived service quality on the brand extensions evaluations. It highlights the role of perceived risk invo lved in the extended product category in brand extensions evaluations. Most importantly, this study establishes the relationships among similarity fit, brand reputation, perceived service quality and perceived risk in extended product categories through appropriate multivariate analysis. (How do Consumers Evaluate Brand Extensions- Research findings from India. By: Thamaraiselvan, N.; Raja, J.. Journal of Services Research, Apr2008, Vol. 8 Issue 1 ) In his article, Park, examines two factors that differentiate between successful and unsuccessful brand extensions: product feature similarity and brand concept consistency. The results reveal that, in identifying brand extensions, consumers take into account not only information about the product-level feature similarity between the new product and the products already associated with the brand, but also the concept consistency between the brand concept and the extension. For both function-oriented and prestige-oriented brand names, the most favorable reactions occur when brand extensions are made with high brand concept consistency and high product feature similarity. In addition, the relative impact of these two factors differs to some extent, depending on the nature of the brand-name concept. When a brands concept is consistent with those of its extension products, the prestige brand seems to have greater extendibility to products with low feature similarity than the functional b rand does. (Evaluation of Brand Extensions: The Role of Product Feature Similarity and Brand Concept Consistency. By: Park, C. Whan; Milberg, Sandra; Lawson, Robert. Journal of Consumer Research, Sep91, Vol. 18 Issue 2 ) In his research paper, Hem Leif, projects that the most successful brand extensions are considered to be those having high perceived similarity between the parent brand and the extensions, and being well known in the marketplace. However, previous research has mainly examined the effects of overall measures of perceived similarity between a parent brand and an extension. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of different areas of consumer knowledge. This study investigates the effects of three types of perceived similarity (usage, associations, competence) and three areas of consumer knowledge (original brand, original category, extension category) on evaluations of brand extensions. The results indicate that some types of perceived similarity and knowledge are more important than others. These findings imply that brand managers need to identify and measure the relevant types of perceived similarity and knowledge that will affect evaluations of brand extensions in order to design effective communication strategies for extensions. (Effects of different types of perceived similarity and subjective knowledge in evaluations of brand extensions. By: Hem, Leif E.; Iversen, Nina M.. International Journal of Market Research, 2009, Vol. 51 Issue 6 ) In his article, Swaminathan, focuses on the impact of a new brand extension introduction on choice in a behavioral context using national household scanner data involving multiple brand extensions. Particularly, the authors investigate the reciprocal impact of trial of successful and unsuccessful brand extensions on parent brand choice. In addition, the authors examine the effects of experience with the parent brand on consumers trial and repeat of a brand extension using household scanner data on six brand extensions from a national panel. In the case of successful brand extensions, the results show positive reciprocal effects of extension trial on parent brand choice, particularly among prior non-users of the parent brand, and consequently on market share. The authors find evidence for potential negative reciprocal effects of unsuccessful extensions. In addition, the study shows that experience with the parent brand has a significant impact on extension trial, but not on extension repeat. (The Impact of Brand Extension Introduction on Choice. By: Swaminathan, Vanitha; Fox, Richard J.; Reddy, Srinivas K.. Journal of Marketing, Oct2001, Vol. 65 Issue 4 ) INDIAN FMCG INDUSTRY The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market size in excess of $13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC presence and is characterized by a well established distribution network, intense competition between the organised and unorganised segments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labour costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11.6 billion in 2003 to $33.4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products. Growth is also likely to come from consumer upgrading in the matured product categories. With 200 millio n people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food-processing industry. The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6.3 per cent of GDP and accounted for 13 percent of the countrys exports in 2003-04. A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HLL, PG, Nestle), which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 per cent by 2007 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This will be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67 per cent in 2003 to 88 per cent in 2015. The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent demand for various product segments. For example, the upper end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate a small but rapidly growing segment for branded products. The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products.The BRICs report indicates that Indias per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum, will rise to $1150 by 2015 another FMCG demand driver. Spurt in the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boost the urban consumption demand. HOUSEHOLD CARE The size of the fabric wash market is estimated to be $1 billion, household cleaners to be $239 million and the production of synthetic detergents at 2.6 million tonnes. The demand for detergents has been growing at an annual growth rate of 10 to 11 per cent during the past five years. The urban market prefers washing powder and detergents to bars. The regional and small un-organised players account for a major share of the total volume of the detergent market. PERSONAL CARE The size of the personal wash products is estimated at $989 million; hair care products at $831 million and oral care products at $537 million. While the overall personal wash market is growing at one per cent, the premium and middle-end soaps are growing at 10 per cent. The leading players in this market are HUL, Nirma, Godrej Soaps and Reckitt Colman. The oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in India (with penetration level below 45 per cent). The industry is very competitive both for organised and smaller regional players. The Indian skin care and cosmetics market is valued at $274 million and dominated by HUL, Colgate Palmolive, Gillette India and Godrej Soaps. The coconut oil market accounts for 72 per cent share in the hair oil market. In the branded coconut hair oil market, Marico (with Parachute) and Dabur are the leading players. The market for branded coconut oil is valued at approximately $174 million. FOOD AND BEVERAGES The size of the Indian food processing industry is around $ 65.6 billion, including $20.6 billion of value added products. Of this, the health beverage industry is valued at $230 million; bread and biscuits at $1.7 billion; chocolates at $73 million and ice creams at $188 million. The size of the semi-processed/ready-to-eat food segment is over $1.1 billion. Large biscuits confectionery units, soya processing units and starch/glucose/sorbitol producing units have also come up, catering to domestic and international markets. The three largest consumed categories of packaged foods are packed tea, biscuits and soft drinks. The Indian beverage industry faces over supply in segments like coffee and tea. However, more than half of this is available in unpacked or loose form. Indian hot beverage market is a tea dominant market. Consumers in different parts of the country have heterogeneous tastes. Dust tea is popular in southern India, while loose tea in preferred in western India. The urb an-rural split of the tea market was 51:49 in 2000. Coffee is consumed largely in the southern states. The size of the total packaged coffee market is 19,600 tonnes or $87 million. The total soft drink (carbonated beverages and juices) market is estimated at 284 million crates a year or $1 billion. The market is highly seasonal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during offseason. The market is predominantly urban with 25 per cent contribution from rural areas. Coca cola and Pepsi dominate the Indian soft drinks market. Mineral water market in India is a 65 million crates ($50 million) industry. On an average, the monthly consumption is estimated at 4.9 million crates, which increases to 5.2 million during peak season. With the presence of 12.2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i.e. if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban populatio n, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas.

Racial Profiling by Police Essay -- Stop and Frisk

The Fourth Amendment protects the right of people to be secure in their persons, ‘ houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures†¦ (108). Under the Fourth Amendment the legal constraints placed on police and the rules they must follow for â€Å"Stop and Frisk† happened as a result of the â€Å"Terry v. Ohio â€Å"case (162). The constraints are that the police cannot stopped and frisk people without reasonable suspicion probable cause or a warrant. Before 1968 the police could search a suspect only if they had probable cause. After the Terry case the police may conduct a frisk search of a suspect’s outer clothing only if there was reasonable suspicion. The U.S. Supreme Court definition of â€Å"Frisk† is: a patting down of the outer clothing of a suspect based on the reasonable suspicion, designed to protect a police officer from attack with a weapon when making an inquiry. A â€Å"Search† is an exploration for evidence. Although frisk are restricted to a search for weapons that may pose an immediate threat to the officer’s safety, the Court concluded that cases as these are decided by their own facts; generally, however, police officers who see unusual conduct that leads them to conclude that criminal activity are involved and that the persons are armed and dangerous are entitled to conduct â€Å"a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of such persons trying to discover weapons† that may be used to assault them (163) Such a frisk are reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, and any weapons seized is introduced in evidence. Reasonable suspicion is when a police officer has good reason to believe that criminal activity may be occurring as in the case of â€Å"Terry v. Ohio† (162). The police officer observed thre... ...s under O’Malley (100,000) that O’Malley won by a landslide by the number of arrest made. On the other hand Mayor Rawlings engaged the targeted approached and went after violent and repeated offenders which resulted in a decrease in homicide to fewer than 200 in 2011. Racial profiling contributes to many frivolous minor infractions that burdens the prosecutors to bring these cases to court. The court are overwhelmed with trying these cases and that takes time away from the more violent cases As a result the correctional facilities becomes overcrowded which cost the state money. Policing must not be initiated by numbers, race, ethnicity or national origin. Racial profiling violates an individual’s civil right and if being done it violates the 4th Amendment right. â€Æ' Works Cited Albanese, Jay S. Criminal Justice. Upper Saddle River : Pearson, 2013. Print.

School Violence: Cause and Remedies

School Violence : Causes And Remedies Educators and policy makers have been grappling with the issue of violence in schools for decades, . Educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, political scientists, anthropologists, and sociologists have all weighed in on the possible causes. Sifting through the theories can be overwhelming, and implementing effective violence prevention programs is often frustrating. No wonder, then, that teachers and administrators often feel defeated when they confront the dangerously aggressive behavior of some pupils.According to a federal survey. Seventy-one percent of all public elementary and secondary schools reported at least one violent incident during the 1999-2003 school years. Causes: Violent behavior and the intent to act violently are potential symptoms of numerous psychiatric disorders. Conduct Disorder, a state of persistent disregard for social conventions and rules and manifesting as criminal and antisocial behavior before the a ge of 18, is perhaps the most frequently mentioned diagnosis among violent youth.In addition substance abuse and dependence can contribute substantially to violent acts, either by reducing inhibitions among otherwise nonviolent students or by creating a climate through drug transactions in which violence is central. More rarely, impulsive behavior found in conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder can lead to violent outbursts. Finally, diagnoses such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and a range of psychotic disorders have been associated with the development of violent behavior among youth.In addition to certain psychiatric diagnoses, characteristics such as low verbal IQ, immature moral reasoning, poor parental modeling, poor social skills, and lack of social supports have all been associated with the development of violent behavior in children. Studies examining characteristics particular to the school environment have found that a weakly structured school and a student's poor academic performance, low commitment to education, and, perhaps most important, poor attachment to the school are all strong indicators of potential violence.In addition, schools that tolerate physical and social aggression, especially when perpetrated by elite student groups within the school, are increasingly at risk for the outbreak of violence on or around school grounds. These characteristics alone are not sufficient to predict the occurrence of violence. Remedies: Clinicians and school officials must pay special attention to potential motives for and means of committing violence.They must be willing to discuss provocative and threatening journal writing and art projects with students and with designated school authorities who decide what actions to take to protect the student and the school. Listening to students who express concern about another student's behavior is particularly important. Ignoring violent behavior or wanting t o let â€Å"someone else† deal with the problem is a normal parental reaction. Discussing with your child ways to protect themselves is not â€Å"scaring† them unnecessarily, but is equipping your child to not be a victim.There are things you can do to help your child if the unthinkable does occur. Studies of extremely violent behavior in schools have found that those who commit high-profile acts of violence have almost always made their intentions known to peers through direct or indirect communications. Educators must foster a setting in which students are comfortable making their concerns known to teachers and peers. Interventions both to curb and to address student violence must be multifaceted. Serious psychiatric disorders indicate the need for counseling and possibly medication. The treatment plan must integrate legal considerations.Recent innovative approaches show promise for addressing violent behavior in schools. One of them is Multi systemic Treatment, whic h involves multiple and active interventions for young people who commit violence, has attracted increasing attention during the past decade. Schools are an important setting for addressing violent youth, and the extent to which students feel attached to their school has direct bearing on the likelihood of later and ongoing violence. Schools, therefore, are a necessary part of the complicated equation that will ultimately make learning and development safer and more rewarding for everyone.

Occupational Health And Safety Management System Construction Essay

Civil technology is a term of planning, planing, edifice, and direction of the installations that are indispensable to civilisation. As a portion of commanding to cut down wastes in it ‘s all forms ( clip, money, effortaˆÂ ¦etc ) , direction is necessary for the technological progresss due to human wellness and wellbeing and the protection of Earth ‘s ecosystems. The planning, design and building of big, one-of-a-kind systems and constructions is a trademark of civil technology. Civil applied scientists usually apply the rules of geotechnical technology, structural technology, environmental technology, transit technology and building technology to residential, commercial, and industrial and public works undertakings of all sizes and degrees of building. Besides they may work in research, design, building supervising, care, or even in gross revenues or direction. Each of these countries involves different responsibilities, different accents, and different utilizations of the applied scientist ‘s cognition and experience. Much of the work of civil applied scientists is carried on out-of-doorss, frequently in rugged and hard terrain or under unsafe conditions. One of the taking company that provide ready mix concrete is Al Quds Readymix ( AQRM ) in Jordan. It was established in 1996 but In 2005 the company changed into Shareholding Company with a fund of 14 million JD.2. Health and Safety Management:The degree of building safety in a state is affected by a batch of facets such as fluctuations in the labour forces, insurance rates, legal effects, switching economic systems, and the phase of technological development. This issue ca n't be solved by theories ; there should be a systematic process to increase the safety degree through building. The effectual processs include planing, pre-planning, preparation, direction confidence and the development of a safety civilization. Health and safety direction is an duty. Figure 2 show that building Fieldss are the most sectors that indicate hurts. Fig.2: Injuries rates for industry, building, and fabrication. ( 2 )2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) :OSHA is federal bureau created by President Richard M Nixon, on December 29, 1970 under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. OSHA aims to forestall work-related hurts, unwellnesss, and occupational human death by publishing and implementing regulations called criterions, to accomplish a healthy and safe environment at workspace will take to: ( 2 ) Bureau of labour statistic, US section of labour, December 2002 Get familiar with hazards and jeopardies and extinguish them. Prevent and protect workers from unwellness and hurts. Eliminate decease accident at the workspace. Give qui vives and information for the directors to assist bettering wellness and safety civilization at the workspace. Improve director ‘s assurance.2.2 Safety Management Systems ( SMS )Safety direction systems can be defined as the specific application ofA quality managementA to safety. It gives an effectual manner to calculate and place jeopardies and hazards. SMS involves that the company should see each hazard or jeopardy within its sections as a peculiarly individual system instead that several. If safety is non seen wholly, it can interfere with the precedences of developments or lead to holes at the safety system willing to construct. An effectual execution of SMS is to hold a clear rating at jeopardies as whole.2.2.1 Construction Occupational Health and Safety Management System ( COHSMS )Construction occupational wellness and safety direction system constitutes a set of steps refering wellness and safety direction that are implemented and operated continually and wholly, performed in concurrence with other direction systems, such as building direction system. The system includes the fol lowers: Declarations of policies related to wellness and safety ( hereinafter referred to as â€Å" wellness and safety policy † or â€Å" project wellness and safety policy † ) . Probe of hazards and/or jeopardies and finding of countermeasures to be taken based on the consequence of the probe. Adoption of marks for wellness and safety ( hereinafter referred to as â€Å" wellness and safety marks † or â€Å" project wellness and safety marks † . Formulation, execution, rating and betterment of programs for wellness and safety ( herein after referred to as â€Å" wellness and safety programs † or â€Å" project wellness and safety programs † .2.3 Construction Safety Planning:Safety planning plays its of import function in building undertaking direction for cut downing unneeded cost and holds related to unsought accidents. Safety planning ensures that safety will be taken into history along with costs, agendas, quality and other of import occupation ends. Safety planning includes placing all possible jeopardies and risky operations and safety steps. This safety planning can be enhanced into safety hazard direction system by adding more undertakings: placing safety jeopardies, sorting hazards, commanding the hazards and supervising the execution. Among these undertakings, safety jeopardy designation is the most of import, since failure to place safety jeopardies means safety steps are non adequately investigated.2.4 Project Safety ManagementHealth and safety in undertakings is a policy that aims to do the direction of wellness and safety hazards an indispensable portion of the undertaking planning procedure. Pull offing wellness and safety is non merely an duty but is besides frequently expected by our concern and research spouses. All undertakings require hazard appraisal and safe systems of work under the wellness and safety regulations. This policy is designed for big or complex undertakings. It provides a agency of uniting wellness and safety certification for the different facets of the undertaking into a clear direction program. There are assorted grounds for sing safety direction as an of import facet in undertakings. The major 1s are: Human Factor: Accidents result in loss of life or in disablement of a human being. It consequences in agony of the dependents on the injured or dead individual. Hence every organisation must recognize the value of safety direction. Law and Regulations: The organisation has to be concerned about the punishments and effects imposed by regulations and ordinances, related to safety. Organizational Image and Reputation: Accidents in the undertakings cut down the assurance degree of clients and stain the organisation ‘s image. Economic Factors: Organization needs to see the disbursals associated due to miss of safety direction. These disbursals can be categorized in Direct and Indirect disbursals. Direct Expenses: ( These are the existent costs incurred in happening of a hazard ) . Expenses incurred in interventions of the injured. Compensations to be provided to the dependents of dead or injured. Increased insurance premiums. Replacement costs. Legal disbursals. Indirect disbursals: Decelerate down in work. Decrease in morale of fellow workers Time lost by other workers. Administrative disbursals. Loss of client assurance. Overtime needed to cover the lost clip. fig.3: Cause of Accidents in the Construction Industry ( 2001 ) . ( 3 ) ( 3 ) www.jniosh.go.jp3. Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) :3.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance ( QC/QA ) :Quality control ( QC ) is a systematic technique that ensures a merchandise or a service is run intoing the specified quality standards and demands of clients or client. Quality Assurance ( QA ) is a term used for the set of processs that performed to guarantee the merchandise or service is run intoing its demands under the action of production before it ‘s completed. The chief difference between QC and QA is demonstrated below: Systematic activities that are indispensable that provides assurance that demands are right recognized and merchandises or services conform to specified demands. The technique by which merchandise or service quality is compared with criterions ; and commanding the nonconformity issues. QA sets up and evaluates house ‘s procedures QA verifiy if the merchandise or service meets specifications and criterions. QA is the duty of all who works in quality. QC is the duty of the 1 is concerned. QA avoids defect before production. QA Detects, analyze and holes defects3.1.1 Quality Control through Al Quds Ready-mix:Ready assorted concrete production is playing an of import function at building concern environment presents. Al Quds provides a high quality of concrete used in building plants. Production concrete has many different degrees phases and it is necessary to accomplish the needed quality in these operations. Al Quds is be givening to develop the feature of concern processs through the whole company. Al-Quds has a to the full equipped research lab with testing tools for sum and concrete. These tools are calibrated by â€Å" Arab Center for Engineering Surveies † and â€Å" The Royal Scientific Society † . A squad of applied scientists and technicians are qualified to manage proving for bettering the quality of concrete merchandises. As a measure of quality betterment, Al Quds has signed an understanding with â€Å" Arab Center for Engineering Surveies † late to conform the quality of concrete alloy produced and aggregative. Due to this understanding, scheduled random samples are tested and calibrated on a regular basis.3.2 TQM Definition:Entire Quality Management is a technique attack that first established in the 1950 ‘s and has become more popular since the early 1980 ‘s. Entire Quality is a account of the civilization, attitude and organisation of a house that tends to supply clients with merchandises and services with a satisfied quality. TQM is a method by which directors and employees can affect in the uninterrupted betterment of the production. It is a mixture of quality and direction tools intended at increasing net incomes and cut downing losingss as possible.3.2.1 TQM Implementation at Construction Firms:In developing a entire quality civilization in building, one of import measure is to develop a building squad of a chief contractor and subcontractors who would perpetrate to the quality procedure and develop a true quality attitude. Therefore, the chief contractor should merely choose subcontractors who have demonstrated choice attitude and work public presentation on old occupations. Te following basic stairss to implementing TQM in building undertakings: Obtain the committedness of the client to quality ; Generate consciousness, educate, and alter the attitudes of staff ; Develop a procedure attack toward TQM ; Prepare undertaking quality programs for all degrees of work ; Institute uninterrupted betterment ; promote staff engagement and part utilizing quality control circles and motive plans ; and Review quality programs and step public presentation.3.2.2 Resistance to Total Quality Management in ConstructionThe factors which may do opposition in the execution of TQM in building are: Product Diversity: All edifices constructed are alone. Quality is seen as consisting of those merchandise characteristics which meet the individualized demands of the clients and thereby supply merchandise satisfaction, supplemented with a provision of freedom from lacks. Organizational Stability: The building industry has a high figure of organisational prostrations, particularly during a downswing in the economic system. Therefore, commitment toward TQM schemes and policies that may take several old ages to supply †pay offs † may be perceived as futile or a misdirection of resources. As compared to the caput office, the edifice site is ephemeral. Teams specially formed for a undertaking may discontinue to be after contractual duties end.3.3 ISO9001-2000 for Construction Firms:ISO 9001-2000 is a quality direction system standard.A Any building organisation needs a strong direction system to accomplish its benefits as a trade grade 1t the market topographic point. Therefore ISO 9001-2000 is the appropriate tool to increase client satisfaction and productiveness. ISO 9001-2000 offers resource be aftering to effectual monitoring and undertakings control. ISO tends to cut down client ailments by increasing efficiency of quality direction system.4. Fiscal Management:Fiscal direction is a planning systemA for the futureA of a concern activityA to do certain aA constructive hard currency flow. It includes the direction and care of fiscal assets. Fiscal direction contains the procedure of sorting and pull offing hazards. Fiscal direction concerns rating instead than the techniques of fiscal quantification. A fiscal director should take into consideration the informations to command the public presentation of the firm.A Managerial financeA is an interdisciplinary attack that is including both managerial accounting and corporate finance. Financial managementA is the scientific discipline of money direction as experts says. However, A fiscal direction has the precedence human being because every unit needs to look after its fundss.4.1 Types of Construction ContractsWhileA building contractsA serves as a agency of pricing building, they besides construction the allotment of hazard to the assorted parties involved. The proprietor has the exclusive power to make up one's mind what type of contract should be used for a specific installation to be constructed and to put forth the footings in a contractual understanding. It is of import to understand the hazards of the contractors associated with differentA types of building contracts. Lump-Sum Contract: In this type the contractor is responsible of all the hazards, and he is expected to bespeak higher net incomes to avoid sudden failures. Other committednesss are made through this contract such as describing systems or a quality control plan. Any term of cost that is non mentioned the net incomes of the contractor will be reduced by that sum. Unit Price Contract: In this type, the hazard of misguided estimation of unsure measures for some undertakings has been removed from the contractor. Contractors might offer an â€Å" imbalanced command † if they discovered big difference between its estimations and the proprietor ‘s estimations of these measures. Cost plus Fixed Percentage Contract: Some proprietors are forced to see all hazards of cost as overproductions. Particularly in the building that involves engineering. The contractors are acquiring the existent cost plus a fixed per centum. Cost plus Fixed Free Contract: This type is merely every bit same as the one above except that in fixed free ; contractors are acquiring the occupation cost with fixed fee regardless the clip of the occupation. Cost plus Variable Percentage Contract: For this type, the contractor will perpetrate a punishment if the existent cost exceeds the theoretical occupation cost to a punishment if the existent cost exceeds the estimated occupation cost, and on the other sides, contractor is rewarded for cut downing the existent cost. Guaranteed Maximal Cost Contract: Sometimes the proprietor might make up one's mind to inquire the contractor to be responsible of all the hazards ( existent undertaking cost and undertaking clip. Any work alteration orders from the proprietor must be highly minor if at all, since public presentation specifications are provided to the proprietor at the beginning of building. The proprietor and the contractor agree to a undertaking cost guaranteed by the contractor as upper limit. There may be or may non be extra commissariats to portion any nest eggs if any in the contract.4.2 Key Performance Indicator ( KPI )In any house there should be a step of its success and public presentation, hence KPI is a step of how a house is come oning to carry through its mark. KPI is dependent on the house ‘s type and activity and its normally monitored usingA concern intelligenceA techniques. Nowadays KPI ‘s are monitored by a process called â€Å" Business Activity Monitoring ( BAM ) †4.2.1 Construction KPI ‘ sPull offing house ‘s growing and its economic challenges demands pull offing catching and subcontracting houses to develop a controlled concern scheme. As a portion of this scheme ; the KPI ‘s that should be monitored in building houses are: Liquid: A It refers to how much hard currency the houses is deriving or devouring. Labor Productivity: Productivity issues have a immense consequence on net income borders due to interrupt in labour budgets. Separating occupations within a undertaking is a must to place the difference between existent and theoretical labour outgos. Cash Flow: It refers to single undertakings and how much are impacting in hard currency. Committed Cost: Construction houses may confront fiscal exposure due to un-committed providers and subcontractor. In this instance the house should raise the committed costs proportion. Agenda Discrepancy: This index refers to the discrepancy timing in a undertaking. Project timeline should be monitored on a regular basis for minimal discrepancy. Un-approved alteration orders: Firms should extinguish fiscal exposure to place its un-approved alteration order. Customer Satisfaction: Firms should supervise its ability to run into the desired specification by analysing costumer feedback.